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 Page i

THIRD EDITION

Electric Motors and Control Systems

Frank D. Petruzella
 Page ii

ELECTRIC MOTORS AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

Published by McGraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright

©2020 by McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education, including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic
storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 21 20 19

ISBN 978-1-260-57014-4
MHID 1-260-57014-2

Cover Image: Mr. B-King/Shutterstock

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are considered to be an extension of
the copyright page.

The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The
inclusion of a website does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill
Education, and McGraw-Hill Education does not guarantee the accuracy of the information
presented at these sites.

mheducation.com/highered
 Page iii

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Frank D. Petruzella has extensive practical experience in the electrical motor control field,
as well as many years of experience teaching and authoring textbooks. Before becoming a
full-time educator, he was employed as an apprentice and electrician in areas of electrical
installation and maintenance. He holds a Master of Science degree from Niagara University,
a Bachelor of Science degree from the State University of New York College–Buffalo, as
well as diplomas in Electrical Power and Electronics from the Erie County Technical
Institute.

One unique feature with all of his texts is that they are all supported with the latest in related
computer simulation software. Working in conjunction with National Instruments for
Multisim, CMH Software for Constructor, and The Learning Pit for LogixPro, he has
developed program files directly related to circuits explained in the text.
 Page iv

BRIEF CONTENTS

About the Author iii

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Walk-through xii
Chapter 1 Safety in the Workplace 1
PART 1 Protecting against Electrical Shock 1
PART 2 Grounding—Lockout—Codes 9
Chapter 2 Understanding Electrical Drawings 16
PART 1 Symbols—Abbreviations—Ladder Diagrams 16
PART 2 Wiring—Single Line—Block Diagrams 24
PART 3 Motor Terminal Connections 28
PART 4 Motor Nameplate and Terminology 37
PART 5 Manual and Magnetic Motor Starters 42
Chapter 3 Motor Transformers and Distribution Systems 47
PART 1 Power Distribution Systems 47
PART 2 Transformer Principles 57
PART 3 Transformer Connections and Systems 62
Chapter 4 Motor Control Devices 72
PART 1 Manually Operated Switches 72
PART 2 Mechanically Operated Switches 80
PART 3 Sensors 86
PART 4 Actuators 98
Chapter 5 Electric Motors 105
PART 1 Motor Principle 105
PART 2 Direct Current Motors 110
PART 3 Three-Phase Alternating Current Motors 122
PART 4 Single-Phase Alternating Current Motors 131
PART 5 Alternating Current Motor Drives 136
PART 6 Motor Selection 139
 PART 7 Motor Installation 146
PART 8 Motor Maintenance and Troubleshooting 151
Chapter 6 Contactors and Motor Starters 158
PART 1 Magnetic Contactor 158
PART 2 Contactor Ratings, Enclosures, and Solid-State Types 169
PART 3 Motor Starters 175
Chapter 7 Relays 186
PART 1 Electromechanical Control Relays 186
PART 2 Solid-State Relays 191
PART 3 Timing Relays 195
PART 4 Latching Relays 203
PART 5 Relay Control Logic 207
Chapter 8 Motor Control Circuits 211
PART 1 NEC Motor Installation Requirements 211
PART 2 Motor Starting 218
PART 3 Motor Reversing and Jogging 231
PART 4 Motor Stopping 238
PART 5 Motor Speed 242
Chapter 9 Motor Control Electronics 245
PART 1 Semiconductor Diodes 245
PART 2 Transistors 251
PART 3 Thyristors 259
PART 4 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 265
Chapter 10 Adjustable-Speed Drives and PLC Installations 275
PART 1 AC Motor Drive Fundamentals 275
PART 2 VFD Installation and Programming Parameters 283
PART 3 DC Motor Drive Fundamentals 297
PART 4 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) 304
Appendix 318
Index I-1
 Page v

CONTENTS

About the Author iii

Preface ix
Acknowledgments xi
Walk-through xii

Chapter 1
Safety in the Workplace 1
PART 1 Protecting against Electrical Shock 1
Electrical Shock 1
Arc Flash Hazards 4
Personal Protective Equipment 5
Machine Safety 7
Safety Light Curtains 7
Safety Interlock switches 7
Emergency Stop Controls 8
Safety Laser Scanners 8
PART 2 Grounding—Lockout—Codes 9
Grounding and Bonding 9
Lockout and Tagout 11
Electrical Codes and Standards 12

Chapter 2
Understanding Electrical Drawings 16
PART 1 Symbols—Abbreviations—Ladder Diagrams 16
Motor Symbols 16
Abbreviations for Motor Terms 17
Motor Ladder Diagrams 17
PART 2 Wiring—Single Line—Block Diagrams 24
Wiring Diagrams 24
Single-Line Diagrams 26
 Block Diagrams 26
Riser Diagrams 27
PART 3 Motor Terminal Connections 28
Motor Classification 28
DC Motor Connections 28
AC Motor Connections 30
PART 4 Motor Nameplate and Terminology 37
NEC Required Nameplate Information 37
Optional Nameplate Information 39
Guide to Motor Terminology 41
PART 5 Manual and Magnetic Motor Starters 42
Manual Starter 42
Magnetic Starter 43

Chapter 3
Motor Transformers and Distribution Systems 47
PART 1 Power Distribution Systems 47
Transmission Systems 47
Unit Substations 48
Distribution Systems 50
Power Losses 51
Switchboards and Panelboards 52
Motor Control Centers (MCCs) 54
Electrical Grounding 56
PART 2 Transformer Principles 57
Transformer Operation 57
Transformer Voltage, Current, and Turns Ratio 58
Transformer Power Rating 60
Transformer Performance 61
PART 3 Transformer Connections and Systems 62
Transformer Polarity 62
Single-Phase Transformers 63
Three-Phase Transformers 65
Instrument Transformers 67
Transformer Testing 69
Chapter 4
Motor Control Devices 72
PART 1 Manually Operated Switches 72
Primary and Pilot Control Devices 72
Toggle Switches 73
Pushbutton Switches 73
Pilot Lights 77
Tower Light Indicators 78
Selector Switch 78
Drum Switch 79
PART 2 Mechanically Operated Switches 80
Limit Switches 80
Temperature Control Devices 82
Pressure Switches 83
Float and Flow Switches 84
PART 3 Sensors 86
Proximity Sensors 86 Page vi
Photoelectric Sensors 89
Hall Effect Sensors 91
Ultrasonic Sensors 92
Temperature Sensors 93
Velocity and Position Sensors 95
Flow Measurement 96
Magnetic Flowmeters 97
PART 4 Actuators 98
Relays 98
Solenoids 99
Solenoid Valves 100
Stepper Motors 101
Servo Motors 102

Chapter 5
Electric Motors 105
PART 1 Motor Principle 105
Magnetism 105
 Electromagnetism 106
Generators 106
Motor Rotation 107
PART 2 Direct Current Motors 110
Permanent-Magnet DC Motor 110
Series DC Motor 112
Shunt DC Motor 113
Compound DC Motor 114
Direction of Rotation 115
Motor Counter Electromotive Force (CEMF) 116
Armature Reaction 117
Speed Regulation 117
Varying DC Motor Speed 118
DC Motor Drives 119
Brushless DC Motors 120
PART 3 Three-Phase Alternating Current Motors 122
Rotating Magnetic Field 122
Induction Motor 124
Squirrel-Cage Induction Motor 124
Wound-Rotor Induction Motor 128
Three-Phase Synchronous Motor 129
PART 4 Single-Phase Alternating Current Motors 131
Split-Phase Motor 131
Split-Phase Capacitor Motor 133
Shaded-Pole Motor 135
Universal Motor 135
PART 5 Alternating Current Motor Drives 136
Variable-Frequency Drive 136
Inverter Duty Motor 139
PART 6 Motor Selection 139
Mechanical Power Rating 140
Current 140
Code Letter 140
Design Letter 140
 Efficiency 140
Energy-Efficient Motors 141
Frame Size 141
Frequency 141
Full-Load Speed 141
Load Requirements 141
Motor Temperature Ratings 142
Duty Cycle 143
Torque 143
Motor Enclosures 143
Metric Motors 144
PART 7 Motor Installation 146
Foundation 146
Mounting 146
Motor and Load Alignment 146
Motor Bearings 147
Electrical Connections 148
Grounding 149
Conductor Size 149
Voltage Levels and Balance 149
Built-in Thermal Protection 150
PART 8 Motor Maintenance and Troubleshooting 151
Motor Maintenance 151
Troubleshooting Motors 152

Chapter 6
Contactors and Motor Starters 158
PART 1 Magnetic Contactor 158
Switching Loads 159
Capacitor Switching Contactors 162
Contactor Assemblies 163
Arc Suppression 166
PART 2 Contactor Ratings, Enclosures, and Solid-State Types 169
NEMA Ratings 169
IEC Ratings 170
 Contactor Enclosures 171
Solid-State Contactor 172
PART 3 Motor Starters 175
Magnetic Motor Starters 175
Motor Overcurrent Protection 176
Motor Overload Relays 178
NEMA and IEC Symbols 182

Chapter 7 Page vii

Relays 186
PART 1 Electromechanical Control Relays 186
Relay Operation 186
Relay Applications 188
Relay Styles and Specifications 188
Interposing Relay 190
PART 2 Solid-State Relays 191
Operation 191
Specifications 193
Switching Methods 194
PART 3 Timing Relays 195
Motor-Driven Timers 195
Dashpot Timers 196
Solid-State Timing Relays 196
Timing Functions 197
Multifunction and PLC Timers 201
PART 4 Latching Relays 203
Mechanical Latching Relays 203
Magnetic Latching Relays 204
Latching Relay Applications 204
Alternating Relays 204
PART 5 Relay Control Logic 207
Control Circuit Inputs and Outputs 207
AND Logic Function 207
OR Logic Function 207
Combination Logic Functions 208
 NOT Logic Function 208
NAND Logic Function 208
NOR Logic Function 209

Chapter 8
Motor Control Circuits 211
PART 1 NEC Motor Installation Requirements 211
Sizing Motor Branch Circuit Conductors 212
Branch Circuit Motor Protection 212
Selecting a Motor Controller 215
Disconnecting Means for Motor and Controller 215
Providing a Control Circuit 216
PART 2 Motor Starting 218
Full-Voltage Starting of AC Induction Motors 218
Reduced-Voltage Starting of Induction Motors 223
DC Motor Starting 229
PART 3 Motor Reversing and Jogging 231
Reversing of AC Induction Motors 231
Reversing of Single-Phase Motors 234
Reversing of DC Motors 236
Jogging 236
PART 4 Motor Stopping 238
Plugging and Antiplugging 238
Dynamic Braking 240
DC Injection Braking 240
Electromechanical Friction Brakes 241
PART 5 Motor Speed 242
Multispeed Motors 242
Wound-Rotor Motors 243

Chapter 9
Motor Control Electronics 245
PART 1 Semiconductor Diodes 245
Diode Operation 245
Rectifier Diode 246
 Zener Diode 249
Light-Emitting Diode 249
Photodiodes 250
Inverters 251
PART 2 Transistors 251
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 252
Field-Effect Transistor 254
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 255
Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 257
PART 3 Thyristors 259
Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) 259
Triac 262
Electronic Motor Control Systems 264
PART 4 Integrated Circuits (ICs) 265
Fabrication 265
Operational Amplifier ICs 266
555 Timer IC 267
Microcontroller 268
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) 270
Digital Logic 270

Chapter 10
Adjustable-Speed Drives and PLC Installations 275
PART 1 AC Motor Drive Fundamentals 275
Variable-Frequency Drives (VFDs) 276
Volts per Hertz Drive 280
Flux Vector Drive 281
PART 2 VFD Installation and Programming Parameters 283
Selecting the Drive 283
Line and Load Reactors 284
Location 284
Enclosures 284 Page viii
Mounting Techniques 285
Operator Interface 285
Electromagnetic Interference 285
 Grounding 286
Bypass Contactor 286
Disconnecting Means 287
Motor Protection 287
Braking 288
Ramping 289
Control Inputs and Outputs 289
Motor Nameplate Data 292
Derating 292
Types of Variable-Frequency Drives 293
PID Control 294
Parameter Programming 294
Diagnostics and Troubleshooting 295
PART 3 DC Motor Drive Fundamentals 297
Applications 297
DC Drives—Principles of Operation 297
Single-Phase Input—DC Drive 299
Three-Phase Input—DC Drive 300
Field Voltage Control 300
Nonregenerative and Regenerative DC Drives 301
Parameter Programming 302
PART 4 Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) 304
PLC Sections and Configurations 304
Ladder Logic Programming 306
Programming Timers 309
Programming Counters 310
Troubleshooting 313

Appendix 318
Index I-1
 Page ix

P R E FA C E
This book has been written for a course of study that will introduce the reader to a broad
range of motor types and control systems. It provides an overview of electric motor
operation, selection, installation, control, and maintenance. Every effort has been made to
present the most up-to-date information, reflecting the current needs of the industry.
The broad-based approach taken makes this text viable for a variety of motor and control
system courses. Content is suitable for colleges, technical institutions, and
vocational/technical schools as well as apprenticeship and journeymen training. Electrical
apprentices and journeymen will find this book to be invaluable because of National
Electrical Code references as well as information on maintenance and troubleshooting
techniques. Personnel involved in motor maintenance and repair will find the book to be a
useful reference text.
The text is comprehensive! It includes coverage of how motors operate in conjunction with
their associated control circuitry. Both older and newer motor technologies are examined.
Topics covered range from motor types and controls to installing and maintaining
conventional controllers, electronic motor drives, and programmable logic controllers.

Features you will find unique to this motors and controls text include:
Self-Contained Chapters. Each chapter constitutes a complete and independent unit of
study. All chapters are divided into parts designed to serve as individual lessons.
Instructors can easily pick and choose chapters or parts of chapters that meet their
particular curriculum needs.
How Circuits Operate. When understanding the operation of a circuit is called for, a
bulleted list is used to summarize its operation. The lists are used in place of paragraphs
and are especially helpful for explaining the sequenced steps of a motor control operation.
Integration of Diagrams and Photos. When the operation of a piece of equipment is
illustrated by means of a diagram, a photo of the device is included. This feature is
designed to increase the level of recognition of devices associated with motor and control
systems.
Troubleshooting Scenarios. Troubleshooting is an important element of any motors and
controls course. The chapter troubleshooting scenarios are designed to help students with
the aid of the instructor to develop a systematic approach to troubleshooting.
Discussion and Critical Thinking Questions. These open-ended questions are designed
to give students an opportunity to reflect on the material covered in the chapter. In most
cases, they allow for a wide range of responses and provide an opportunity for the student
to share more than just facts.
The following content has been added to the chapters listed below:
Chapter 1 - Safety light curtains
- Safety interlock switches
- Emergency stop controls
- Safety laser scanners
Chapter 2 - Comparison of common motor NEMA and IEC symbols
- Riser diagrams
- Dual voltage three-phase motor connections
- IEC three-phase motor connections
- IEC 2-wire and 3-wire control circuits
Chapter 3 - Motor control center three-phase full-voltage starter bucket
- Electrical grounding
- Transformer testing
Chapter 4 - IEC break-make pushbutton control circuit
- Two motor emergency stop control circuit
- Signal light towers
- Alternating pumping operation and control circuit
- Comparison of the features and application of sensors
Chapter 5 - DC brushless motor operation and applications
Chapter 6 - Capacitor switching contactor operation and applications Page x
- DC inverter power contactors
Chapter 7 - Interposing relay operation and applications
- Analog-switching relay operation and applications
- Conveyor motor warning signal control circuit
- Timed and instantaneous relay timer contacts
- One-shot timer solenoid control circuit
- Symmetrical recycle timer flasher circuit
Chapter 8 - Three motor sequential motor starting interlocking circuit.
- Two motor sequential motor stopping interlocking circuit.
- Three-phase motor selector jogging circuit.
- Zero-speed switch operation.
- Antiplugging executed using time-delay relays.
Chapter 9 - Inverter applications and output waveforms.
- Building blocks of an electronic motor control system.
- Three-wire sourcing and sinking sensor connections.
 Chapter 10 - Analog versus digital signals.
- 4–20 mA control loop.
- PLC processor module troubleshooting.
- PLC input module troubleshooting.
- PLC output module troubleshooting.

Ancillaries
Activities Manual for Electric Motors and Control Systems. This manual contains
quizzes, practical assignments, and computer-generated simulated circuit analysis
assignments.
Quizzes made up of multiple choice, true/false, and completion-type questions are
provided for each part of each chapter. These serve as an excellent review of the
material presented.
Practical assignments are designed to give the student an opportunity to apply the
information covered in the text in a hands-on motor installation.
The Constructor motor control simulation software is included as part of the manual.
This special edition of the program contains preconstructed simulated motor control
circuits constructed using both NEMA and IEC symbols. The constructor analysis
assignments provide students with the opportunity to test the motor control circuits
discussed in the text. The constructor simulation engine visually displays power flow to
each component and using animation and sound effects; each component will react
accordingly once power is supplied.
The constructor troubleshooting mode includes a Test Probe that provides an indication
of power or continuity. The test probe leads are inserted into the circuit to determine
common preprogrammed motor faults.
Instructor’s Resources are available to instructors who adopt Electric Motors and
Control Systems. They can be found on the Instructor Library on Connect and include:
Answers to the textbook review questions and the Activities Manual quizzes and
assignments.
PowerPoint presentations that feature enhanced graphics along with explanatory text.
Instructional videos for text motor control circuits.
 Page xi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The efforts of many people are needed to develop and improve a text. Among these people
are the reviewers and consultants who point out areas of concern, cite areas of strength, and
make recommendations for change. In particular, I would like to acknowledge Don Pelster of
Nashville Community College. Don has done an impeccable job of performing a technical
edit of the text as well as all the additional Instructor resources.
Page xii
Page xiii
 Page 1

CHAPTER ONE

Safety in the Workplace

Banner Engineering

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
This chapter will help you:

Identify the electrical factors that determine the severity of an electric shock.
Describe arc flash hazard recognition and prevention.
List of general principles of electrical safety including wearing approved protective clothing and using
protective equipment.
Understand the application of different types of electrical machine safety devices.
Explain the safety aspects of grounding an electrical motor installation.
Outline the basic steps in a lockout procedure.
Identify the functions of the different organizations responsible for electrical codes and standards.

Safety is the number one priority in any job. Every year, electrical accidents cause
serious injury or death. Many of these casualties are young people just entering the
workplace. They are involved in accidents that result from carelessness, from the
pressures and distractions of a new job, or from a lack of understanding about
electricity. This chapter is designed to develop an awareness of the dangers
associated with electrical power and the potential dangers that can exist on the job
or at a training facility.
PART 1 PROTECTING AGAINST ELECTRICAL
SHOCK
Electrical Shock
The human body conducts electricity. Even low currents may cause severe health effects.
Spasms, burns, muscle paralysis, or death can result, depending on the amount of the current
flowing through the body, the route it takes, and the duration of exposure.
The main factor for determining the severity of an electric shock is the amount of electric
current that passes through the body. This current is dependent upon the voltage and the
resistance of the path it follows through the body. Page 2
Electrical resistance (R) is the opposition to the flow of current in a circuit and is
measured in ohms (Ω). The lower the body resistance, the greater the current flow and
potential electric shock hazard. Body resistance can be divided into external (skin resistance)
and internal (body tissues and blood stream resistance). Dry skin is a good insulator;
moisture lowers the resistance of skin, which explains why shock intensity is greater when
the hands are wet. Internal resistance is low owing to the salt and moisture content of the
blood. There is a wide degree of variation in body resistance. A shock that may be fatal to
one person may cause only brief discomfort to another. Typical body resistance values are:

Dry skin—100,000 to 600,000 Ω

Wet skin—1,000 Ω
Internal body (hand to foot)—400 to 600 Ω
Ear to ear—100 Ω

Thin or wet skin is much less resistant than thick or dry skin. When skin resistance is low,
the current may cause little or no skin damage but severely burn internal organs and tissues.
Conversely, high skin resistance can produce severe skin burns but prevent the current from
entering the body.
Voltage (E) is the pressure that causes the flow of electric current in a circuit and is
measured in units called volts (V). The amount of voltage that is dangerous to life varies with
each individual because of differences in body resistance and heart conditions. Generally, any
voltage above 30 V is considered dangerous.
Electric current (I ) is the rate of flow of electrons in a circuit and is measured in amperes
(A) or milliamperes (mA). One milliampere is one-thousandth of an ampere. The amount of
current flowing through a person’s body depends on the voltage and resistance. Body current
can be calculated using the following Ohm’s law formula:
If you came into direct contact with 120 volts and your body resistance was 100,000 ohms,
then the current that would flow would be:

If you were sweaty and barefoot, then your resistance to ground might be as low as 1,000
ohms. Then the current would be:

Voltage is not as reliable an indication of shock intensity because the body’s resistance
varies so widely that it is impossible to predict how much current will result from a given
voltage. The amount of current that passes through the body and the length of time of
exposure are perhaps the two most reliable criteria of shock intensity. Once current enters the
body, it follows through the circulatory system in preference to the external skin. Figure 1-1
illustrates the relative magnitude and effect of electric current. It doesn’t take much current to
cause a painful or even fatal shock. A current of 1 mA (1/1000 of an ampere) can be felt. A
current of 10 mA will produce a shock of sufficient intensity to prevent voluntary control of
muscles, which explains why, in some cases, the victim of electric shock is unable to release
grip on the conductor while the current is flowing. A current of 100 mA passing through the
body for a second or longer can be fatal. Generally, any current flow above 0.005 A, or 5 mA,
is considered dangerous.
Figure 1-1 Relative magnitude and effect of electric current on the body.

A 1.5 V flashlight cell can deliver more than enough current to kill a human being, yet it is
safe to handle. This is because the resistance of human skin is high enough to limit greatly
the flow of electric current. In lower voltage circuits, resistance restricts current flow to very
low values. Therefore, there is little danger of an electric shock. Higher voltages, on the other
hand, can force enough current though the skin to produce a shock. The danger of harmful
shock increases as the voltage increases.
The pathway through the body is another factor influencing the effect of an electric shock.
For example, a current from hand to foot, which passes through the heart and part of the
central nervous system, is far more dangerous than a shock between two points on the same
arm (Figure 1-2).
Figure 1-2 Typical electric current pathways that stop normal pumping of the heart.

AC (alternating current) of the common 60 Hz frequency is three to five times more

dangerous than DC (direct current) of the same voltage and current value. DC tends to cause
a convulsive contraction of the muscles, often forcing the victim away from further current
exposure. The effects of AC on the body depend to a great extent on the frequency: low-
frequency currents (50–60 Hz) are usually more dangerous than high-frequency currents. AC
causes muscle spasm, often “freezing” the hand (the most common part of the body to make
contact) to the circuit. The fist clenches around the current source, resulting in prolonged
exposure with severe burns. Page 3
The most common electric-related injury is a burn. The major types of burns:

Electrical burns, which are a result of electric current flowing through the tissues or
bones. The burn itself may be only on the skin surface or deeper layers of the skin may
be affected.
Arc burns, which are a result of an extremely high temperature caused by an electric
arc (as high as 35,000°F) in close proximity to the body. Electric arcs can occur as a
result of poor electrical contact or failed insulation.
Thermal contact burns, which are a result of the skin coming in contact with the hot
surfaces of overheated components. They can be caused by contact with objects
dispersed as a result of the blast associated with an electric arc.

If a person does suffer a severe shock, it is important to free the victim from the current as
quickly as can be done safely. Do not touch the person until the electric power is turned off.
You cannot help by becoming a second victim. The victim should be attended to immediately
by a person trained in CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation). Page 4

Arc Flash Hazards

An arc flash is the ball of fire that explodes from an electrical short circuit between one
exposed live conductor and another conductor or to ground. The arc flash creates an
enormous amount of energy (Figure 1-3) that can damage equipment and cause severe injury
or loss of life.
Figure 1-3 Arc flash.
Photo Courtesy of Honeywell, www.honeywell.com

An arc flash can be caused by dropped tools, unintentional contact with electrical systems,
or the buildup of conductive dust, dirt, corrosion, and particles.
Electrical short circuits are either bolted faults or arcing faults. A bolted fault is current
flowing through bolted bus bars or other electric conductors. An arcing fault is current
flowing through the air. Because air offers opposition to electric current flow, the arc fault
current is always lower than the bolted fault current. An arc blast is a flash that causes an
explosion of air and metal that produces dangerous pressure waves, sound waves, and molten
steel.
In order to understand the hazards associated with an arc flash incident, it is important to
understand the difference between an arcing short circuit and a bolted short circuit. A bolted
short circuit occurs when the normal circuit current bypasses the load through a very low
conductive path, resulting in current flow that can be hundreds or thousands of times the
normal load current. In this case, assuming all equipment remains intact, the fault energy is
contained within the conductors and equipment, and the power of the fault is dissipated
throughout the circuit from the source to the short. All equipment needs to have adequate
interrupting ratings to safely contain and clear the high fault currents associated with bolted
faults.
In contrast, an arcing fault is the flow of current through a higher-resistance medium,
typically the air, between phase conductors or between phase conductors and neutral or
ground. Arcing fault currents can be extremely high in current magnitude approaching the
bolted short-circuit current but are typically between 38 and 89 percent of the bolted fault.
The inverse characteristics of typical overcurrent protective devices generally result in
substantially longer clearing times for an arcing fault due to the lower fault values.
Eighty percent of electrical workplace accidents are associated with arc flash and involve
burns or injuries caused by intense heat or showers of molten metal or debris. In addition to
toxic smoke, shrapnel, and shock waves, the creation of an arc flash produces an intense flash
of blinding light. This flash is capable of causing immediate vision damage and can increase
a worker’s risk of future vision impairment.
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that Booke, to which I wrote an Answer, and both containe some
further discourse about the Jewes, and their Conversion; therefore I
thought good to give you them, and they are these which follow.
 To the Translator of Menasseh; Ben Israels spes Israelis.

SIR:

I Desire to be acquainted with you, because we have both fallen

upon one Booke, with the same intentions to convert the Jewes,
though we take not one way; I desire therefore to conferre with you,
to see who taketh the rightest way. You by your Translation seeme
to me to prize the learned Jewes writing too much, which will beget
pride, and not humility in him, without which he will not turne,
repent, and be saved. Therefore for his good, and also for the
Christians, and for the credit of us who are Parliamentarians, I would
not see them too much yeelded unto. You justly perstringe him in his
thirtieth Section, wherein he talkes so wildly of his goodly Martyrs,
and truly if you marke him in his Discourse upon the Sabatticall
River, which where it is he knownes not, you will finde him as faulty
and dangerous, if we have any of the race of the Thraskytes left
among us; but Sir, in that you thinke that the Jewes shall now be
called as a Nation, and not only by particulars, and would have them
have an earthly Kingdome againe; you doe more for the ten Tribes
then he would have himselfe, Sect. 25. p. 79. 80. and for the other
two, of Judah, and Benjamin, it is not so likely they should have a
second Call, seeing that Christ and his Apostles preached to them,
and all that were of the Election were then converted, as you may
see by many texts, and after their rejection of the Gospell, their
Country-men, Paul, and Peter turned to the Gentiles. Therefore
those two Tribes who Crucified our Lord, and persecuted his
Apostles, are not so likely to be called againe as the ten Tribes who
did neither, except some few who returned into the holy Land;
neither did many of them so much as heare of it, you might see your
owne sentence fulfilled then. First, the Jew was called, and then the
Gentile. But now looke not for it, but for their single conversions,
though numbers may be called upon one day, one Sermon as they
were heretofore; but they must not exalt themselves as a Nation, for
they must be ingrafted againe upon that branch, or Vine, Christ
Jesus, and we must have one Shepheard, and be one flock. See
Rom. 11. ver. 31. which you cite. Through your mercy they may also
obtain mercy; I had writ it (shall) but it is only (may:) see the place
to which this relates, Isa. 59. v. 19, 20, 21. where you shall finde
that all their hope is in eternalls, not in temporalls; and looke upon
Rom. 11.24. concerning the engrafting, and clearly, (unlesse you be
a Millenarian) you will finde no such Nationall glory of the Jewes;
therefore I pray you take heed you fall not into the same snare
wherein the Jewes are, to looke for a temporall reigne, which you
seeme to intimate, and too many were, and are of that opinion.
Assure your selfe that Christ will come to such as a theife in the
night, though his comming will be very glorious, yet it will be
suddaine; the learned Jew can finde no text punctuall in all his
Booke, but whatsoever he citeth, the same Chapter makes against
him, and speakes not of temporallity, but of eternity, and the new
Jerusalem. I rest, desirous of your friendship.
Octob. 5. 1650. E. S.

Postscript.

I Have it from a good hand, that Master is the Translator

Jo. Dury
of that Booke, and I have some Arguments to beleeve it to be so,
because he seemes to be of the same minde in his Epistolicall
Discourse before Mr. Thorowgoods pious Booke, which I have gained
since I wrote this Letter. But truly if it be so, I must move Mr. Dury
both to amend his Translation from grosse faults, and to make some
retractions upon that Epistle, which upon conference I shall most
plainely shew him, and in the meane time I desire him, that he will
read a Booke of a most reverend and pious man, called, The
Revelation unrevealed; and thereby I beleeve he will be convinced,
and not looke for a fifth generall Monarchy upon earth; for Christ
reignes now, and hath so done ever since his Ascension, and so shall
to the end of the World, untill he deliver the Kingdome to the Father.
Octob. 25. 1650.
SIR: The answer to the Letter.

I Received a Letter directed, To the Translator of Spes Israelis,

which worke thus corrected, as I here-with present to you, I
confesse mine. I left it with a friend to see it printed, my selfe going
into the Country; but his occasions called him from the City also,
when it should have been reviewed; which is the reason that though
there be many Errata’s in the Booke, that they are not gathered up
at the end. At my owne reading of it, I found many, and mended
those I found; and now I know that it hath farre fewer then it had,
and may passe tollerably; though neither I, nor what I doe, can be
said faultlesse. Concerning your desire of converting the Jewes, it is
truly Christian, and a worke that shall not loose its reward. But you
say, We disagree about the way, that is very possible, for
apprehensions are various, and men must thinke, not as others doe,
but as themselves can, taking what is truth to them, to be their
guide. But the quære is, Who lights on the best way. For my part, I
pretend not to any way to convert them, for I verily thinke that
when it shall be done, it will be Gods worke, and not mans; as much
as Pauls conversion was wholly of God; which himselfe makes the
type, or patterne of the conversion of his Country-men; as Mr. Mede
saith upon 1 Tim. 1.16. in his Fragmenta sacra, which I know not
whether they be in print, or no. You say, I prize the learned Iewes
writing too much, and that it will beget pride in them (Sir, pardon
me, if I doe not recant till I see my errour; but then I shall freely
doe it. I confesse, I doe prize the Learned, whether Iew, or Gentile,
for though I am not σοφὸς, yet I am φιλόσοφος and I doe beleeve
the Author of Spes Israelis to be a very learned man; and I have it
from those who are acquainted with him, that he is a very ingenuous
and civill man; and others there are, and have been among them,
not wanting a name for good learning. As for the fomenting their
pride) truly that vice is of evill, that I would not cherish it, neither in
myself, nor in others. But Sir, whether is a more likely way to gaine
upon men, to use them civilly, and with the spirit of meeknesse, or
to be supercilious and tart towards them? What got Austine the
Monke by using the Brittaines of Bangor so Lordly as he did? and (to
come to latter dayes) did Mr. Broughton gaine upon a learned Rabbi,
in a Conference at Dort, where Mr. Forbes was Moderator, by his
high and peremptory language? This he reaped, to set the Iew at a
greater distance from Christianisme, and an abating of his owne
esteeme, in the judgement of wise men. As for Menasseh’s
Sabbaticall river, I know many Authors have said it, but whether
true, or false, that is nothing to the Translator; and I am as farre
from beleeving that story, as I am from the wilde opinions of Mr.
Thrask. But these are of lesse concernment; you fall upon the maine
of your judgement which relates to them, and pardon me if I deale
as roundly in my answer; for I desire to have respect to Truth, and
not to man. I doe firmly beleeve, and feare not to professe it; That
the Jewes shall be called as a Nation, both Judah and Israel, and
shall returne to their owne Land, and have an earthly Kingdome
againe. For the proofe of which, I could say much, but shall now but
little; and if possibly I cite any thing which Menasseh Ben Israel
brings for himselfe, beleeve me that I have it not from him, but from
my owne observations out of Scripture, some yeares since. There is
weight in that place of Mic. 4.8. The first dominion, the Kingdome
shall come to the daughter of Jerusalem; and this is spoken of times
after Christs incarnation, and not yet performed. See that of Zech.
10.6, 7, 8, 9, 10. there is Judah and Ephraim fore-told to be brought
to Gilead, and Lebanon, and they shall so encrease, that they shall
want room. Say not this was done in the returne of those now from
the Captivity of Babylon; for those of the ten Tribes that then
returned, were but some gleanings of them; and of Judah it selfe,
there returned but about one halfe: now God doth not promise
Mountaines, and performe but Mole-hils; yea in vers. 6. God will
save and strengthen the house of Judah, and of Joseph, and they
shall be as though I had not cast them off. Which, if since that
Prophesie, it hath been made good of Judah, yet be sure not of
Joseph. And in v. 7. They of Ephraim shall be like a mighty man, but
since the captivity of Salmanassar to this day, what might hath
Ephraim shown? yea is he not poore, weak, scattered, and
unknowne? And in ver. 8. I will gather them, and they shall encrease
as they have encreased; hath this been fulfilled of Ephraim? Where
is his fruitfulnesse, which his name imports? much lesse hath there
been a time since their great captivity, in which they have encreased
to their numbers and strength, mentioned in the dayes of Moses,
Joshua, David, Solomon, and under their owne Kings, after the
defection from the house of David. See that noted place of Ezek.
37.16, 17. 22.24, 25. Sir, in good earnest, hath this Scripture been
fulfilled? hath Judah and Ephraim been but one stick in Gods hand,
but one Nation, so that they shall be no more two Nations, as in ver.
22. Surely to this day they have been from their last dispersion not
only two, but many Nations. Neither will it be an answer to say, That
now they are no Nation, therefore they are not two; yes, Historians
report them many Nations; though perhaps scarce after the just
rules of Nations. And that phrase hath not a negative, but a positive
sence, not that they should be nothing, but that they should be one
Nation. More-over, in ver. 24. Judah and Ephraim were so to be one
Nation, that David (that is Jesus Christ) was to be King over them:
And when did Judah and Israel ever to this day, as a Nation
acknowledge the Soveraignty of Jesus Christ? and he to be their
Prince for ever, as in ver. 25. But I must not too much enlarge. I
shall only adde this; That as many places of the Old, so many in the
New Testament agree thereto, as Rom. 11. ver. 12. 15. 25, 26. 28.
Though this of the Romans, chiefly proves one point, sc. their
generall or Nationall conversion. Give me leave briefly to answer
your objections. You say, The call of Judah and Benjamin is not so
likely, because Christ and the Apostles preached to them already. I
answer; that by their preaching, all of those living, who were
elected, were converted; but after-ages have a new race, and God
hath his number among them too; yea the words run high, then All
Israel shall be saved. You say, those two Tribes who crucified Christ,
not so likely to be converted. I answer, by how much their sin is
greater, by so much the greater will Gods mercy be; Et Dei
novissima erunt optima, & maxima. You say, Their conversion shall
be single, that is answered already; but I adde, that Isaiah is
contrary to it, in Isa. 66.7, 8. which Chapter I doubt not but it points
to times after our Saviour. As for their being engraffed upon the Vine
Christ, or being brought to one sheep-fold, what doth that hinder
but that they may be a Nation of Converts brought to their owne
Land? You object that of Rom. 11.31. That through your mercy they
may obtaine mercy. I answer, that I beleeve the maine of their
conversion will be from Heaven, and extraordinary; though the
Gentiles by provoking them to emulation, and also by their gifts and
graces, may some way be auxiliary to them. After this you are
pleased to put the term Millenarian upon me; which, though for
what I have writ, I need not owne, yet I will not disclaime; they are
not Names that affright me, but reall falsities. The term Chiliast, as it
congregates the many odde, and false opinions of them of old, I
explode; though to beleeve those thousand yeares in Apoc. 20. to be
yet unfulfilled, that, I willingly owne. To put that sense upon them,
as that they imply the thousand yeares of eternity, I can thinke little
lesse of it then to be a contradiction. Againe, if the thousand yeares
be the eternity in Heaven, what meanes that in ver. 3. Till the
thousand yeares be fulfilled, and after that he must be loosed for a
little season; I pray, what little season is that that is after eternity?
neither doth Christs comming suddenly in the night as a theife,
hinder, but that when he doth come, he may stay a thousand yeares.
But whether that time be ante, in, or post diem judicii, is not my
taske to determine, or maintaine. As for what you adde in the Post-
script, not to looke for a fifth Monarchy, because Christ reignes now.
I answer, that though he reignes de jure, yet not de facto; for
expresly in Scripture the Devill is called κοσμοκράτωρ he is the
grand Tyrant, and great Usurper, and the whole world κεῖται ἐν πὁ
πονηρῶ yet I am farre from denying to Christ a Kingdome now in
being, sc. Spirituall, and Invisible, but I looke for a visible one to
come. In the close (as also at the beginning) you are pleased to
desire my acquaintance; but Sir, I look not upon my self as a Star of
so considerable a magnitude, as to present my selfe to your eyes;
but if I might be so happy as to be capable to serve you really, none
should be more desirous of it (both as you are a Gentleman of
Learning, by which you have obliged the publick; and also a Member
of that House which I so much honour) than Sir,
Novemb. 5. 1650.

Your most humble Servant

M. W.

SIR:

I doe now very highly esteeme of my interest in your conversation,

and thanke you very much for your kinde visitations, which I shal
endeavour to repay, and desire by these you will tell me where, if
you be in town; I shall continue in town till monday noone be
passed, and will meet you at the Stationers, or any where else you
shall appoint; very necessary, and too urgent occasions hindred my
comming to —— untill last night. I have somewhat thought with my
self of the faire proposition of re-printing what concernes Ben Israel,
the conversion and generall call of the Jewish Nation, to which I now
more perceive our serious endeavours and hopes doe encline. But I
must needs say, that Ben Israels Booke gives very small hopes of his
conversion; Of which notwithstanding neither you nor my selfe
ought to despaire, for Saul the learned Jew from a severe Persecutor
became a Paul, a holy and remarkable Saint; I shall not at present
enlarge my selfe unto you, least I should prove troublesome, or
impertinent till things be ripened between us by a conference, but if
it be necessary you should print againe before I see you, I only
desire this Letter of mine should be printed. For I embrace your
candor and ingenuity as much as you doe mine, and I hope love and
knowledge will still encrease between us, and I shall say with the
Psalmist, Let the righteous smite me friendly, and reprove me, but
let not their precious balme breake my head; I have no desire to
gaine applause of those who are without, or hazard their censure in
that which more learned men, but not so loving, may say, that I
write slight things, but I had rather first shew them that I can write
serious things as well as slight, by translation of some part of Peter
Galatine & Reuchlin, which is now my travaile, as I in part shewed
you; I remaine,
Febr. 21. 1650. Your friend in the truest interest of Christian love.

FINIS.

Errata maximi momenti.

I n the second Epist. p. 2. l. 8. dele happy, in the 3 Epist. p. 1. l. 28. r. invironed,

p. 2. l. 3. r. Carthagena, p. 3. l. 12. dele so, p. 6, l. 21. r. thy, p. 18. l. 19. r.
hating, p. 19. l. 16. r. away Hoshea, p. 22. l. 23. r. Hunni, p. 23. l. 10. r. there, p.
26. l. 3. r. were, p. 40. l. 27. r. honoured Abraham Kolorni, with p. 44. l. 24. r. for
these, p. 46. l. 16. dele the, p. 49. l. 34. & he saith, those must be nulled before.
 TO
HIS HIGHNESSE
THE
LORD PROTECTOR
OF THE
COMMON-WEALTH OF
England, Scotland, and Ireland.
THE
HUMBLE ADDRESSES
OF
Menasseh Ben Israel, a Divine, and Doctor of
PHYSICK, in behalfe of the Jewish Nation.

The Humble Addresses of Menasseh Ben Israel, a Divine and Doctor

of Physick, in behalf of the Iewish Nation.

ive me leave, at such a juncture of time, to speak to

your Highnesse, in a style and manner fitting to us
Jewes and our condition. It is a thing most certaine,
that the great God of Israel, Creator of Heaven and
Earth, doth give and take away Dominions and Empires,
according to his owne pleasure; exalting some, and overthrowing
others: who, seeing he hath the hearts of Kings in his hand, he
easily moves them whithersoever himselfe pleaseth, to put in
execution his Divine Commands. This, my Lord, appeares most
evidently out of those words of Daniel, where he, rendring thanks
unto God, for revealing unto him that prodigious Dreame of
Nebuchadnezar, doth say: Thou that removest Kings, and sets up
Kings. And else-where, To the end the living might know, that the
Highest hath dominion in Mans Kingdome, and giveth the same to
whom he please. Of the very same-minde are the Thalmudists
likewise, affirming that a good Government, or Governor, is a
Heavenly Gift, and that there is no Governor, but is first called by
God unto that dignity: and this they prove from that passage of
Exodus: Behold I have called Bazale’l by name, &c. all things being
governed by Divine Providence, God dispensing rewards unto
Vertues, and punishment unto Vices, according to his owne good
Will. This the Examples of great Monarchs make good; especially of
such, who have afflicted the people of Israel: For none hath ever
afflicted them, who hath not been by some ominous Exit, most
heavily punished of God Almighty; as is manifest from the Histories
of those Kings, Pharaoh, Nebuchadnezar, Antiochus, Epiphanius,
Pompey, and others. And on the contrary, none ever was a
Benefactor to that people, and cherished them in their Countries,
who thereupon hath not presently begun very much to flourish. In
so much that the Oracle to Abraham (I will blesse them that blesse
thee, and curse them that curse thee) seemeth yet daily to have its
accomplishment. Hence I, one of the least among the Hebrews,
since by experience I have found, that through Gods great bounty
toward us, many considerable and eminent persons both for Piety
and Power, are moved with sincere and inward pitty and compassion
towards us, and do comfort us concerning the approaching
deliverance of Israel, could not but for my self, and in the behalf of
my Countrey men, make this my humble addresse to your Highness,
and beseech you for Gods sake, that ye would, according to that
Piety and Power wherein you are eminent beyond others, vouchsafe
to grant, that the Great and Glorious Name of the Lord our God may
be extolled, and solemnly worshiped and praised by us through all
the bounds of this Common-wealth; and to grant us place in your
Countrey, that we may have our Synagogues, and free exercise of
our Religion. I nothing doubting, but that your Clemency will easily
grant this most equitable Petition of ours. Pagans have of old, out of
reverence to the God of Israel; & the esteem they had to his people,
granted most willingly free liberty, even to apostated Jewes; as
Onias the High Priest, to build another Temple in their Countrey, like
unto that at Jerusalem: how much more then may we, that are not
Apostate or runagate Iewes, hope it from your Highnesse and your
Christian Councill, since you have so great knowledge of, and adore
the same one onely God of Israel, together with us. Besides, it
increases our confidence of your bounty towards us, in that so soon
as ever the rumour of that most wished-for liberty, that ye were a
thinking to grant us, was made known unto our Countrey-men; I, in
the name of my Nation, the Iewes, that live in Holland, did
congratulate and entertaine their Excellencies, the Ambassadors of
England; who were received in our Synagogue with as great pomp
and applause, Hymns and cheerfulnesse of minde, as ever any
Soveraigne Prince was. For our people did in their owne mindes
presage, that the Kingly Government being now changed into that of
a Common-wealth, the antient hatred towards them, would also be
changed into good-will: that those rigorous Laws (if any there be yet
extant, made under the Kings) against so innocent a people, would
happily be repealed. So that we hope now for better from your
gentleness, & goodness, since, from the beginning of your
Government of this Common-wealth, your Highnesse hath professed
much respect, and favour towards us. Wherefore I humbly entreat
your Highnesse, that you would with a gracious eye have regard
unto us, and our Petition, and grant unto us, as you have done unto
others, free exercise of our Religion, that we may have our
Synagogues, and keep our own publick worship, as our brethren doe
in Italy, Germany, Poland, and many other places, and we shall pray
for the happinesse and Peace of this your much renowned and
puissant Common-wealth.
 A DECLARATION
TO THE
Common-wealth of England,
BY

Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel, shewing the Motives of his coming into
England.
aving some yeares since often perceived that in this
Nation, God hath a People, that is very tender-hearted,
and well-wishing to our sore-afflicted Nation; Yea, I my
selfe having some Experience thereof, in divers Eminent
persons, excelling both in Piety and Learning: I thought
with my-self, I should do no small service to my owne Nation, as
also to the People and Inhabitants of this Common-wealth, if by
humble addresses to the late Honourable Parliament, I might obtaine
a safe-Conduct once to transport my selfe thither. Which I having
done, and according to my desire, received a most kinde and
satisfactory Answer, I now am come. And to the end all Men may
know the true Motives and Intent of this my coming, I shall briefly
comprehend and deliver them in these particulars.
First and formost, my Intention is to try, is by Gods good hand
over me, I may obtaine here for my Nation the Liberty of a free and
publick Synagogue, wherein we may daily call upon the Lord our
God, that once he may be pleased to remember his Mercies and
Promises done to our Fore fathers, forgiving our trespasses, and
restoring us once againe into our fathers Inheritance; and besides to
sue also for a blessing upon this Nation, and People of England, for
receiving us into their bosomes, and comforting Sion in her
distresse.
My second Motive is, because the opinion of many Christians
and mine doe concurre herein, that we both believe that the
restoring time of our Nation into their Native Countrey, is very neer
at hand; I believing more particularly, that this restauration cannot
be, before these words of Daniel, Chap. 12. ver. 7. be first
accomplished, when he saith, And when the dispersion of the Holy
people shall be compleated in all places, then shall all these things
be compleated: signifying therewith, that before all be fulfilled, the
People of God must be first dispersed into all places & Countreyes of
the World. Now we know, how our Nation at the present is spread all
about, and hath its seat and dwelling in the most flourishing parts of
all the Kingdomes, and Countreys of the World, as well in America,
as in the other three parts thereof; except onely in this considerable
and mighty Island. And therefore this remains onely in my
judgement, before the Messia come and restore our Nation, that first
we must have our seat here likewise.
My third Motive is grounded on the profit that I conceive this
Common wealth is to reap, if it shall vouchsafe to receive us; for
thence, I hope, there will follow a great blessing from God upon
them, and a very abundant trading into, and from all parts of the
World, not onely without prejudice to the English Nation, but for
their profit, both in Importation, and Exportation of goods. Yet if any
shall doubt hereof, I trust their Charity towards the people of God,
will satisfie them, especially when they shall reade the ensuing
Treatise.
The fourth Motive of my coming hither, is, my sincere affection
to this Common wealth, by reason of so many Worthy, Learned, and
Pious men in this Nation, whose loving kindnesse and Piety I have
experience of: hoping to finde the like affection in all the People
generally; the more, because I alwayes have, both by writing and
deeds, professed much inclination to this Common-wealth; and that
I perswade my selfe they will be mindfull of that Command of the
Lord our God, who so highly recommends unto all men the love of
strangers; much more to those that professe their good affection to
them. For this I desire all may be confident of, that I am not come to
make any disturbance, or to move any disputes about matters of
Religion; but onely to live with my Nation in the feare of the Lord,
under the shadow of your protection, whiles we expect with you the
hope of Israel to be revealed.
 How Profitable The Nation of the Iewes are.
hree things, if it please your Highnesse, there are that
make a strange Nation wel-beloved amongst the Natives
of a land where they dwell: (as the defect of those three
things make them hatefull.) viz. Profit, they may receive
from them; Fidelity they hold towards their Princes; and
the Noblenes and purity of their blood. Now when I shall have made
good, that all these three things are found in the Iewish Nation, I
shall certainly persuade your Highnesse, that with a favorable eye,
(Monarchy being changed into a Republicq) you shall be pleased to
receive again the Nation of the Iews, who in time past lived in that
Island: but, I know not by what false Informations, were cruelly
handled and banished.
Profit is a most powerfull motive, and which all the World
preferres before all other things: and therefore we shall handle that
point first.
It is a thing confirmed, that merchandizing is, as it were, the
proper profession of the Nation of the Iews. I attribute this in the
first place, to the particular Providence and mercy of God towards
his people: for having banished them from their own Country, yet
not from his Protection, he hath given them, as it were, a naturall
instinct, by which they might not onely gain what was necessary for
their need, but that they should also thrive in Riches and
possessions; whereby they should not onely become gracious to
their Princes and Lords, but that they should be invited by others to
come and dwell in their Lands.
Moreover, it cannot be denyed, but that necessity stirrs up a
mans ability and industry; and that it gives him great incitement, by
all means to trie the favour of Providence.
Besides, seeing it is no wisedome for them to endeavour the
gaining of Lands and other immovable goods, and so to imprison
their possessions here, where their persons are subject to so many
casualities, banishments and peregrinations; they are forced to use
marchandizing untill that time, when they shall returne to their own
Country, that then as God hath promised by the Prophet Zachary,
Their shall be found no more any marchant amongst them in the
House of the Lord.
From that very thing we have said, there riseth an infallible
Profit, commodity and gain to all those Princes in whose Lands they
dwell above all other strange Nations whatsoever, as experience by
divers Reasons doth confirme.
I. The Iews, have no oportunity to live in their own Country, to
till the Lands or other like employments, give themselves wholy unto
merchandizing, and for contriving new Inventions, no Nation almost
going beyond them. And so ’tis observed, that wheresoever they go
to dwell, there presently the Traficq begins to florish. Which may be
seen in divers places, especially in Ligorne, which having been but a
very ignoble and inconsiderable City, is at this time, by the great
concourse of people, one of the most famous places of Trafique of
whole Italy.
Furthermore, the Inventor of the famous Scala de Spalatro (the
most firme and solid Traficq of Venice) was a Iew, who by this his
Invention transported the Negotiation from a great part of the
Levant into that City.
Even that very same is seene likewise at this day in Nizza and in
other innumerable places more, both in Europe and Asia.
II. The Nation of the Iews is dispersed throughout the whole
World, it being a chastisement that God hath layd upon them for
their Idolatries, Deut. 28,69. Ezech. 20,23. Nehem. 1,8. Ps. 107,27.
and by other their sinnes their families suffer the same shipwrack.
Now in this dispersion our Fore-fathers flying from the Spanish
Inquisition, some of them came in Holland, others got into Italy, and
others betooke themselves into Asia; and so easily they credit one
another; and by that meanes they draw the Negotiation where-ever
they are, where with all of them marchandising and having perfect
knowledge of all the kinds of Moneys, Diamants, Cochinil, Indigo,
Wines, Oyle, and other Commodities, that serve from place to place;
especially holding correspondence with their friends and kinds-folk,
whose language they understand; they do abundantly enrich the
Lands and Countrys of strangers, where they live, not onely with
what is requisite and necessary for the life of man; but also what
may serve for ornament to his civill condition. Of which Traficq, there
ariseth ordinarily Five important benefits.
1. The augmentation of the Publiq Tolls and Customes, at their
coming and going out of the place.
2. The transporting and bringing in of marchandises from
remote Countries.
3. The affording of Materials in great plenty for all Mechaniqs;
as Wooll, Leather, Wines; Jewels, as Diamants, Pearles, and such like
Merchandize.
4. The venting and exportation of so many kinds of
Manifactures.
5. The Commerce and reciprocall Negotiation at Sea, which is
the ground of Peace between neighbour Nations, and of great profit
to their own Fellow-cittizens.
III. This reason is the more strengthened, when we see, that
not onely the Iewish Nation dwelling in Holland and Italy, trafficqs
with their own stock, but also with the riches of many others of their
own Nation, friends, kinds-men and acquaintance, which
notwithstanding live in Spaine, and send unto them their moneys
and goods, which they hold in their hands, and content themselves
with a very small portion of their estate, to the end they may be
secure and free from danger that might happen unto them, in case
they should fall under the yoke of the Inquisition; whence not onely
their goods, but oftentimes also their lives are endangered.
IV. The love that men ordinarily beare to their own Country and
the desire they have to end their lives, where they had their
begining, is the cause, that most strangers having gotten riches
where they are in a forain land, are commonly taken in a desire to
returne to their native soil, and there peaceably to enjoy their
estate; so that as they were a help to the places where they lived,
and negotiated while they remained there; so when they depart
from thence, they carry all away, and spoile them of their wealth:
transporting all into their own native Country: But with the Iews the
case is farre different; for where the Iews are once kindly receaved,
they make a firm resolution never to depart from thence, seeing
they have no proper place of their own: and so they are alwayes
with their goods in the Cities where they live, a perpetuall benefit to
all payments. Which reasons do clearly proove, that it being the
property of Cittizens in populous and rich countries, to seeke their
rest and ease with buying lands and faire possession of which they
live; many of them hating commerce, aspire to Titles and Dignities:
therefore of all strangers, in whose hands ordinarily Trafique is
found, there are none so profitable and beneficiall to the place
where they trade and live, as is the Nation of the Iews. And seeing
amongst the people of Europ, the chiefest riches they possesse, som
from Spain, those neighbour Nations, where the Iews shall finde
liberty to live according to their own Iudaicall Laws, they shall most
easily draw that benefit to themselves by means of the industry of
our Nation, and their mutuall correspondance.
From hence (if it please your Highnes) it results, that the Iewish
Nation, though scattered through the whole World, are not therefore
a despisable people, but as a Plant worthy to be planted in the
whole world, and received into Populous Cities: who ought to plant
them in those places, which are most secure from danger; being
trees of most savory fruit and profit, to be alwayes most favoured
with Laws and Priviledges, or Prerogatives, secured and defended by
Armes. An Example of this we have in our times. His Majesty, the
Illustrious King of Denmark, invited them with speciall Priviledges
into Geluckstadt: the Duke of Savoy into Nisa of Provence; and the
Duke of Modina in Retio, allowing them such conditions and
benefices, as like never were presented unto them by any other
Prince, as appeareth by the copy of those Priviledges, which I have
in my hands. But supposing it would be a matter of too large
extention, if I should make a relation of all the places under whose
Princes the Iews live, I will onely speake briefly of the two Tribes
Iudah and Benjamin. These in India in Cochin have 4 Synagogues,
one part of these Iews being there of a white colour, and three of a
tawny; these being most favoured by the King. In the year 1640.
dyed Samuel Castoel, Governour of the City, and Agent for the King,
and David Castoel his sonne succeeded in his place. In Persia there
is a great number of Iews, and they live indifferent freely: there are
also amongst them that are in favour and great respect by the King,
and who live there very bravely. Some years past, there was Elhazar
Huza, the Viceroy, and now there is David Ian; if yet he be living. In
the year 1636. the Saltan Amarat took in Bagdad, and puting all to
the sword, he commanded that they should not touch the Iews, nor
their houses, and besides that, he freed them from one half of the
tribuit they were wont to pay to the Persian.
But the chiefest place where the Iews life, is the Turkish Empire,
where some of them live in great estate, even in the Court of the
Grand Turke at Constantinople, by reason there is no Viceroy, or
Governour, or Bassa, which hath not a Iew to manage his affaires,
and to take care for his estate: Hence it cometh that in short time
they grow up to be Lords of great revenues, and they most
frequently bend the minds of Great ones to most weighty affaires in
government.
The greatest Viceroy of whole Europe is the Bassa of Egypt; this
Bassa always takes to him, by order of the Kingdome, a Iew with the
title of Zaraf-Bassa (Thresurer) viz. of all the Revenues of that
government, who receaves purses full of money, seals them, and
then sends them to the King. This man in a short time grows very
rich, for that by his hands as being next to the Bassa, the 24
Governments of that Empire are sould and given, and all other
businesses managed. At present he that possesseth this place, is
called Sr. Abraham Alhula. The number of the Iews living in this
Kingdome of the Great Turke, is very great, and amounts to many
Millions. In Constantinople alone there are 48 Synagogues, and in
Salaminque 36, and more then fourescore thousand soules in these
two Cities alone.
The first King gave them great priviledges which they enjoy
untill this day: for besides the liberty, they have every-where, of
trading with open shops, of bearing any Office and possessing of any
goods, both mooveable and immooveable, he yet graunted them
power to judge all Civill causes according to their own Laws amongst
themselves. Moreover they are exempted from going to Warres, and
that souldiers should be quartered in their houses, and that Justice
should take no place upon the death of any one that left no heir to
his Estate.
In all which they are preferred before the naturall Turks
themselves. For which cause they pay in some Cittys to the King
three Patacons, and in others two and a half by the pole.
In this estate some of the Iews have grown to great fortunes;
as Joseph Nasino, unto whom Amatus Lusitanus dedicated his fifth
and sixth Centuriæ, was by Sultan Solime made Duke of Maccia,
Earle of Andro, Seignor of Millo, and the seaven Islands: And Jacob
Ben-Iaes by Sultan Amurat, was made Governour of the Tiberiades:
so likewise others were exalted to very great and Eminent Dignities:
as was that Selomo Rose, that was sent for Ambassador at Venice,
where he confirmed the last Peace with Amurat. In Germany, there
lives also a great multitude of Jews, especially at Prague, Vienna and
Franckfurt, very much favoured by the most mild and most gracious
Emperours, but despised of the people, being a Nation not very
finely garnished by reason of their vile cloathing: yet
notwithstanding there is not wanting amongst them persons of great
quality. The Emperour Matthias made Noble both Mardochai Mairel,
and Ferdinando Jacob Bar Seba.
But yet a greater number of Iews are found in the Kingdome of
Poland, Prussia and Lethuania, under which Monarchy they have the
Jurisdiction to judge amongst themselves all causes, both Criminal
and Civil; and also great and famous Academies of their own. The
chief Cities where the Nation liveth, are Lublin and Cracow, where
there is a Iew, called Isaac Iecells, who built a Synagogue, which
stood him in one hundred thousand Francs, and is worth many tons
of gold. There is in this place such infinite number of Iews; that
although the Cosaques in the late warres have killed of them above
one hundred and fourescore thousand; yet it is sustained that they
are yet at this day as innumerable as those were that came out of
Egypt. In that Kingdome the whole Negotiation is in the hand of the
Iews, the rest of the Christians are either all Noble-men, or
Rustiques and kept as slaves.
In Italy they are generally protected by all the Princes: their
principall residence is in the most famous City of Venice; so that in
that same City alone they possesse about 1400 Houses; and are
used there with much courtesy and clemency. Many also live in
Padoa and Verona; others in Mantua, and also many in Rome it self.
Finally they are scattered here and there in the chief places of Italy,
and do live there with many speciall priviledges.
In the Government of the great Duke of Tuscany, they are by
that Prince most graciously & bountifully dealt with, having power
from him graunted, to have their Judicatory by themselves, and to
judge in all matters, both Civill and Criminall; besides many other
Priviledges, whereof I my self have the Copies in hand. The rich and
illustrious families that flourished in these Countries are many, viz.
The Thoraces, who being three Brethren, shared betwixt them above
700 thousand Crowns. In Ferrara were the Viles, whose stock was
above 200 thousand Crowns. The Lord Joseph de Fano, Marquis de
Villependi, was a man much respected of all the Princes in Italy, and
was called by them, The Peace-maker and appeaser of all troubles;
because he, by his authority and entremise, was used to appease all
troubles and strife rising amongst them. Don Daniel Rodrigues,
because of his prudency and other good qualities, was sent in the
year 1589 from the most Excellent Senat of Venice into Dalmatia, to
appease those tumults and scandals given by the Vsquoquibs in
Clissa: which he most manly effected, and caused all the women and
children, that were kept cloose prisoners, to be set at liberty,
brought also to an happy issue many other things of great moment,
for which he was sent. Alphonso II. the Duke of Ferrara, sent also
for his Ambassador to the Imperiall Majesty, one Abraham de Bondi,
to pay and discharge Investiture of the States of Modena and
Reggio. The Prince of Sasol and the Marquis of Scandia likewise, had
to their Factors men of our Nation.
In the Kingdome of Barbary, their lives also a great number of
Iews, who-ever cruelly and basely used by that Barbarous Nation,
except at Marrocco, the Court and Kings house, where they have
their Naguid or Prince that governs them, and is their Iudge, and is
called at this day, Seignor Moseh Palache: and before him was in the
same Court, that Noble family Ruthes, that had power and
Iurisdiction of all kinde of punishment, onely life and death
excepted.
In the Low-Countries also, the Iews are received with great
Charity and Benevolency, and especially in this most renowned City
of Amsterdam, where there are no lesse then 400 Families; and how
great a trading and Negotiation they draw to that City, experience
doth sufficiently witness. They have there no lesse then three
hundred houses of their own, enjoy a good part of the West and
East-Indian Compagnies; and besides have yet to set forth their
Trafiq such a stock, that for setting a side, onely one duit of every
pound Flemish for all kind of commodities that enter, and again as
much for all what goes out of this town, and what besides we pay
yearly of the rents we get from the East-Indian Compagnie to the
reliefe and sustenance of the poore of our Synagogue, that very
money amounts ordinarily every year, unto the summe very neare of
12000 Franks; whereby you may easely conceive what a mighty
stock it is they trade with, and what a profit they needs must bring
into this City.
In Hambourg likewise, a most famous City of Holsace in
Germany, there lives also a hundred families, protected by the
Magistrat, though molested by the people. There resides Sir Duarte
Nunes d’Acosta, Resident for his Majesty the King of Portugal:
Gabriel Gomes, Agent for his Majesty the King of Danemarck: David
de Lima, a Ieweller, for the same his Majesty; and Emanuel Boccaro
Rosales, created by the Emperour a Noble-man and a Count Palatin.
 In all these places the Iews live (in a manner) all of them
Merchants, and that without any prejudice at all to the Natives: For
the Natives, and those especially that are most rich, they build
themselves houses and Palaces, buy Lands and firme goods, aime at
Titles and Dignities, and so seek their rest and contentment that
way: But as for the Iews, they aspire at nothing, but to preferre
themselves in their way of Marchandize; and so employing their
Capitals, they send forth the benefit of their labour amongst many
and sundry of the Natives, which they, by the trafick of their
Negotiation, do enrich. From whence it’s easy to judge of the profit
that Princes and Common-wealths do reap, by giving liberty of
Religion to the Iews, and gathering them by some speciall
priviledges into their Countries: as Trees that bring forth such
excellent fruits.
So that if one Prince, ill advised, driveth them out of his Land,
yet another invites them to his; & shews them favour; Wherein we
may see the prophecy of Iacob fulfilled in the letter: The staffe (to
support him) shall not depart from Iacob, untill Messias shall come.
And this shall suffice concerning the Profit of the Iewish Nation.
 How Faithfull
The Nation of the Iewes are.
he Fidelity of Vassals and Subjects, is a thing that
Princes most esteem off: for there-on, both in Peace
and Warre, depends the preservation of their estates.
And as for this point, in my opinion, they owe much to
the Nation of the Iews, by reason of the faithfulnesse
and loyalty they show to all Potentates that receive and protect them
in their Countries. For setting aside the Histories of the Ptolomies,
Kings of Egypt, who did not trust the Guard of their persons, nor the
keeping of their Forts, nor the most important affairs of their
Kingdome to any other Nation with greater satisfaction then to the
Iews; the Wounds of Antipater shewed to Iulius Cæsar in token of
his loyalty, and the brasen Tables of our Ancestours amongst the
Romans, are evident witnesses enough of their fidelity shewed unto
them.
In Spaine the Iews of Burgos; as the Chronicles do declare,
most generously shewed the very same fidelity in the times of Don
Henrique; who having killed his Brother, the King, Don Pedro de
Cruel, made himself Lord of all his Kingdomes, and brought under
his obedience all the Grandees and people of Spaine: Only the Iews
of Burgos denyed to obey him, and fortified themselves within the
City, saying, That God would never have it, that they should deny
obedience to their Naturall Lord Don Pedro, or to his rightfull
successours. A constancy that the prudent King, Don Henriques,
very much esteemed of, saying, that such Vassals as those were, by
Kings and great men, worthy of much account, seeing they held
greater respect to the fidelity they ought to their King, although
conquered and dead, than to the present fortune of the Conquerour:
And a while after, receiving very honourable conditions, they gave
themselves over.
 In Spain also (as you may see in Mariana) many Iewes for the
same fidelity were appointed Governours of the Kingdome, and
Tutors of Noble-mens children, jointly to others of the Nobility upon
the death of their Parents.
The Chronicles of the Xarifes, dedicated to King Philip the
second, King of Spaine, alleagues for an example of great fidelity
and vertue, how the rising of the Xarifes against the Morines, their
killing and spoyling them of the Kingdome, was such a great grief
unto Samuel Alvalensi, one of those banished out of Spaine, and
much favoured by the King of Fez, descended from the house of the
Morines; that joyning himself with other Magistrates, and subjects of
the Morines, arming some ships and going himself Captain over all,
he came suddenly with 400. men, and fell by night upon the Army of
the Xarifes, that were more then 3000. men, besieging Copta, and
without losing one man, killed of them above 500. and caused them
to raise the siege.
Many the like Examples may be brought of times past; but for
our present; and modern times there is no Exemple so evident, as in
the besieging of Mantua for the Emperour in the year 1630, where
the Iews fought most valiantly, and rescued it from the Natives. As
likewise in the Seignory of Brasil, where the same thing was done:
for one of the same Nation, a Dutchman, having delivered the Cape
unto the Portugals, there was found in our Nation there not only
loyalty, but also such discretion, that had they taken their advise, the
business had not so proceeded.
This may be seen more clearly yet in their being banished out of
Castile, in the dayes of Ferdinand & Isabella. Their number at that
time was supposed to have been half a Milion of men, amongst
whom were many of great valour, & courage (as Don Isaac
Abarbanel, a Counsellor of State, doth relate) & yet amongst so
great a number, there was not found any one man, that undertook
to raise a party to free themselves from that most miserable
banishment. An evident sign of the proper and naturall resolution of
this Nation, and their constant obedience to their Princes.
 The same affection is confirmed by the inviolable custome of all
the Iews wheresoever they live: for on every Sabbath or festivall
Day, they every where are used to pray for the safety of all Kings,
Princes and Common-wealths, under whose jurisdiction they live, of
what profession-soever: unto which duty they are bound by the
Prophets and the Talmudists; from the Law, as by Ieremie chap. 29.
vers. 7. Seek the peace of the City unto which I have made you to
wander: and pray for her unto the Lord, for in her Peace you shall
enjoy peace. He speaks of Babylon, where the Iews at that time
were captives. From the Talmud ord. 4. tract. 4. Abodazara pereq. 1.
Pray for the peace of the Kingdome, for unlesse there were feare of
the Kingdome, men would swallow one the other alive, &c.
From the continuall and never broken Custome of the Iews
wheresoever they are, on the Sabbath-Day, or other solemn Feasts;
at which time all the Iews from all places come together to the
Synagogue, after the benediction of the Holy Law, before the
Minister of the Synagogue blesseth the people of the Iews; with a
loud voice he blesseth the Prince of the Country under whom they
live, that all the Iews may hear it, and say, Amen. The words he
useth are these, as in the printed book of the Iews may be seen: He
that giveth salvation unto Kings, and dominion unto Lords, he that
delivered his servant David from the sword of the Enemy, he that
made a way in the Sea, and a path in the strange waters, blesse and
keep, preserve and rescue, exalt and magnify, and lift up higher and
higher, our Lord. [And then he names, the Pope, the Emperour, King,
Duke, or any other Prince under whom the Iews live, and add’s:]
The King of kings defend him in his mercy, making him joyfull, &
free him from all dangers and distresse. The King of kings, for his
goodness sake, raise up and exalt his planetary star, & multiply his
dayes over his Kingdome. The King of kings for his mercies sake, put
into his heart, and into the heart of his Counsellers, & those that
attend and administer to him, that he may shew mercy unto us, &
unto all the people of Israel. In his dayes and in our dayes, let Iudah
be safe, and Israel dwell securely, and let the Redeemer come to
Israel, and so may it please God. Amen. These are the very
formalities set down word for word, which the Iewes, by the
command of God, received from the Talmud, do use in their prayers
for Princes, under whose government they reside. And therefore
wise Princes are wont to banish from their Courts false reports. And
most wise R. Simon Ben-Iochai, in his excellent book called Zoar in
Sarasa Pecudi, relates, that it is a Tradition received from Heaven,
that the Kings of the Nations of the world, Princes, Governours, that
protect the Iews in this world, or do them any good, that the same
shall enjoy certain degrees of glory, or eternall reward; as on the
other side, they that do to the Nation of the Iews any harm, that
they shall be punished with some particular eternal punishment. As
appeareth also out of Esa. the last chapter.
Thus you see the Fidelity of the Iews to wards their Governours
clearly proved. Now, that no man may think that their banishment
out of Spaign & Portugal, proceeded from any suspition or faults of
theirs, I shall clearly rehearse the reason of so sudden a
determination, and what the thoughts of many Christian Princes
have been there-upon. The business was thus: Ferdinand and
Isabella, Governours of Castile, having gained the Kingdome of
Granada, of which they took possession on the fifth of Ianuary, they
resolved to thrust out all the Iews that lived in their Kingdomes, and
so on the last of March, they made an Edict in the same City, in
which they expressed: That seeing the Iews in their Countries drew
many Christians to turn Iews, and especially some Noble-men of
their Kingdome of Andaluzia, that for this cause they banished them
under most heavy penalties, &c. So that the cause of their
banishment was not any disloyalty at all.
Now what amongst many others in all Christendom, one famous
Lawyer in Rome, and Osorius an excellent and most eloquent
Historian have thought, I shall here relate. In the year 1492 (saith
the Lawyer) Ferdinand, called the Catholick, being King of Spain,
drove out of his Country all the Iews that were living there from the
time of the Babylonian and Roman Captivity, and were very rich in
houses and goods: and that upon pain, if they went not away within
the term of six moneths, that all their houses and goods should be
confiscated unto the Exchequer, which as we have said, were very
great. Whereupon they leaving the Kingdome of Castile, they went
over many of them into Portugal, as being the nearest place. In the
year 1497, there being an Alliance contracted between the Kings of
Castile and Portugal; the Jews at the request of the said King
Ferdinand, were banished out of Portugal; but it being against the
will of Emanuel, King of Portugal, to have them banished out of his
Country, he resolved to oblidge them to become Christians,
promising never to molest them, neither in Criminall matters, nor in
the losse of their goods; and exempted them from many burdens,
and Tributs of the Kingdome. This Emanuel being dead, John III,
succeeded in his place in the Kingdome of Portugal, who being
excited by others, said, That what his Father Emanuel had done,
concerning the not-troubling them, was of no valew, because they
lived not as was convenient, & that without the authority of the Pope
of Rome, his father could not graunt any such thing: for which cause
he would that for those that lived amisse, they should be proceeded
against, as against the Mores in Castile: And sending to Rome to
disanull the said promises, it was not onely not graunted to him, but
moreover they reprooved his appearance there, and praised and
approoved the promises made by his Father Emanuel to the Jewes,
publishing a generall pardon to all that were taken, which were
about 1500, and they all were set free. Which Bull was graunted by
Clement VII. by the intervention of all the Consistory of Cardinals.
Afterwards the said king John sent once again to desire the former
Licence with so many replications and triplications, that at length the
Pope granted it: But a few daies after it was revoked again with a
generall Pardon to all that were taken, which were 12000, with such
a determination, that the same Licence should never be graunted, as
being against all right and reason. This troubled Don John the King
very much, and withall the Cardinal his brother, who came in these
last dayes to be King of Portugal himself. Great Paul III. of the house
of Farnesia, succeeding to Clement the VII. there was a request
rendred to the Pope for power to bring in the Inquisition into this
Kingdome. The Pope would not graunt it, saying: He could not, and
that it was a thing against reason and Iustice, but on the contrary
confirmed the promises made by the King Don Emanuel, his Father;
and pardoned all the delinquents since the time of violence unto that
day. Don Iohn seeing this, sent an Embassadour meerly for that
businesse to the Pope, but could obtain nothing at all: for which
cause King Iohn resolved to entreat the Emperour Charles the V.
then passing for Rome, as Conquerour over the Turks, having wonn
Tunis and Goleta, that in this his Triumph he would take occasion to
desire this favour from the Pope, that the King of Portugal might set
up the Inquisition in his Kingdome, it being an old custome that
those that triumphed, should aske something of the Pope that they
most desired. The Emperour than having desired this, the Pope
answered him, that he could not do it by reason of the agreement
made, and the promises of the King Don Emanuel; which he had
found by an Apostolicall Nuntio in Portugal in the year 1497, at
which time the Iewes were forced and compelled to become
Christians. The Emperour replyed, Let that sinne fall on him, and the
Prince his sonne, the Apostolicall seat shall be free from it. So the
Pope graunted it; because the Emperour Charles the V. was brother
in law to King Don Iohn of Portugal; and besides they treated at that
time to enter further in affinity, and to marry their children, which
since was effected. After Paul the III. graunted this, there was a new
Pardon given in generall to all that were taken unto that time,
amounting the Number unto 1800. But the King refusing to obey the
Pardon, and to free the Prisonners, the Pope tooke it very ill, and
sent for this onely businesse for his Nuntio, one Monsegnor Monte
Paliciano, who since was Cardinal of the Church of Rome. And the
King for all this not obeying, the Pope made the Nuntio to fix the
Pardon upon the doores of the Cathedrall Churches, and the Nuntio
caused the Prisons to be opened, and there were set free about
1800 prisoners. He that sollicited this businesse at Rome was one
Seignor Duarte de Paz, a Cavallier of the Order of St. Iohn: whom to
search out there were appointed at Rome ten men disguised; these
having found him, gave him fifteen wounds, and left him for dead:
thus wounded, he was carried to the house of Seignor Philip Estrozi:
This being reported to the Pope, Paul the III. he caused him to be
carried to the Castle of S. Angelo, where he gave order to have him